Climate change

The newly stand-alone Water Infrastructure Finance Authority can sell water augmentation bonds as part of the state's quest for new water sources.

Federal emergency aid, while protecting against downgrades and defaults in areas hit by extreme weather, won't bail out areas that face less visible climate effects like rising heat.

A lack of standards from regulators and ratings agencies leaves municipal credit analysts "on their own" when it comes to evaluating climate-related risks.

Federal infrastructure dollars continue to support driver-related programs, now with an emphasis on reducing tailpipe emissions.

"No bonding will be needed to pay for Ian-insured losses," says Ben Watkins, director of Florida's Division of Bond Finance.

The $53 billion Army Corps of Engineers plan is the largest of hundreds of coastal protection projects launched since Superstorm Sandy swamped the area in 2012.

Several California cities have waged a multi-year climate change battle against oil companies

If the IRA's tax credits prove popular for building clean energy projects, they may be expanded into basic infrastructure financing, said University of Chicago professor Justin Marlowe.

The Federal Highway Administration mandates would "commandeer" state department of transportation authority, opponents say.

California is looking to pioneer the floating wind technology that's required in the deep waters where roughly two-thirds of the country's offshore wind potential exists.